What a major freeway shutdown protest looks like in real time from the CHP traffic incident log. CHP doesn't archive the comments publicly.

10:29 AM    107    [360] OAK FIRE ADV THEY WERE NOT RESP AND TO ROLL SF [Shared]
10:29 AM    106    [359] GG42 ALCO FIRE PAT TEAM -IN TP PARKING ON STAND BY IF NEEDED [Shared]
10:22 AM    105    [355] TOLL PLAZ STILL CLOSED, SOME VEHICLES ARE USING THE R/S TO PASS SRT. TRAFFIC SLOWLY BLEEDING OFF BRUDGE. MOST GOING WW. [Shared]
10:22 AM    104    [354] NEG TRAFFIC GETTING THRU AT MOMENT [Shared]
10:21 AM    103    [352] [Notification] [CHP]-TMC - ITS MOSTLY TRAFFIC RETURNING WW [Shared]
10:21 AM    102    [351] 96-S1 INQ IF TMC CAN ADV IF TRFC IS NOW GETTING THRU WB ON BAY BRDG - VIS OF MOVEMENT NEAR TP [Shared]
10:18 AM    101    [350] 1039 SF 1141 TO 8TH AT BRYANT [Shared]
10:17 AM    100    [346] LE SF 1141 ADV RAMP CLOSED TO TI THEY WOULD HAVE TO LOOP AROUND AND GO WB AND BE IN THE SAME SITUATION AS OAK FIRE [Shared]
10:15 AM    99    [344] 5L5 SRT MEDICS ARE TAKING OFF THE PATIENT THEY WILL ADV ONCE THEY HAVE A GOOD 1020 TO ROLL 1141 / SF 1141 CPYS [Shared]
10:14 AM    98    [343] A15 1141 IS EB 80 #1 ON LOWER DECK [Shared]
10:13 AM    97    [342] 5L5 CPYS 1023 TRYING TO CONFIRM WHERE TO ROLL SF 1141 [Shared]
10:08 AM    96    [335] 1039 OAK FIRE LINE 332 [Shared]
10:08 AM    95    [333] Secondary Location for A96-058: WB 580 TRANS TO WB 80, [Shared]
10:07 AM    94    [331] 1039 OPD LINE 319,325, 329 [Shared]
10:06 AM    93    [328] 5L5 #4 IN A VAN W/ COOL AIR [Shared]
10:05 AM    92    [326] [Notification] [CHP]-OAK FIRE INQ ENGINE 3 ON THE BRIDGE/ WHERE EXACTLY NEEDED REQ VEH DESC OR PLT [Shared]
10:05 AM    91    [325] 5L5 #4 2 LARGE BUSES
10:04 AM    90    [324] 5L5 NR ON VEH DESCRIPT X2
10:03 AM    89    [318] A96-053 SUBA CAME FROM WB 580 TRANS TO WB 80
10:03 AM    88    [317] A96-098 ANOTHER VEH FAILING TO FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS - WB 80 AT TP // NOW FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS - EXITING RADIO RD
10:01 AM    87    [312] A96-053 VEH JUST BLEW CLOSURE - WB AT TP
9:57 AM    86    [302] 96-P5 MEDIA 97 AT THE BIKE TRLR ENTRANCE - REQ'ING A SUPV [Shared]
9:56 AM    85    [300] PHYSICAL 415'S AT TOP OF BAY BRIDGE - RP CANT GIVE BETTER 1020 [Shared]
9:55 AM    84    [297] 1A54 REMOVING FIRST BATCH OF CARS OFF BRIDGE [Shared]
9:45 AM    83    [292] BC 96 LNS 290/291 [Shared]
9:42 AM    82    [288] AFFIRM WB AT TI OPEN [Shared]
9:42 AM    81    [286] 300-S7 INQ W/ SRT WB JWO TI TO OPEN UP // PER SRT NEG 5 MIN ETA [Shared]
9:41 AM    80    [282] [Notification] [CHP]-ALCO FIRE IS TRYING TO STAGE 1141 FROM OAKLAND SIDE IF NEEDED [Shared]
9:38 AM    79    [275] 96-D7 EB 80 JWO W GRAND - NEAR RADIO RD - BUS DRIVERS LETTING PEDS OUT / AC TRANSIT AND GREYHOUND BUSSES - - PED PATH IS CLOSED SO THEY ARE WALKING ONTO THE FWY [Shared]
9:37 AM    78    [273] 300-S7 WB JWI TI OPEN // BC YBI [Shared]
9:36 AM    77    [272] A96-008 OUT W/ SOME PEDS - EB 80 NEAR RADIO RD - REQ UNIT TO PROVIDE TRANSPORT // RADIO 10-1 [Shared]
9:30 AM    76    [271] 32-S10 TI OPEN // NO TRAFFIC ON TI [Shared]
9:28 AM    75    [270] Secondary Location for 96-S1: W GRAND ONR TO WB 80, [Shared]
9:25 AM    74    [265] 96-S1 CPYS LN 260 [Shared]
9:21 AM    73    [262] 1039 EMVILLE -- REQ CB TO ADV WHEN CAN RE OPEN [Shared]
9:21 AM    72    [261] W/B 80 E/OF TOLL PLAZA TRAFFIC IS GOING WW IN THE LANES [Shared]
9:20 AM    71    [260] [Notification] [CHP]-SUPERVISOR THOMPSON FROM OPD REQ NUMBER FOR SOMEONE ON THE GROUND TO COORDINATE MOVING VEHS [Shared]
9:20 AM    70    [259] GG-C201 REQ EMVL PD TO SHUT DOWN POWELL ONR TO WB 80 [Shared]
9:19 AM    69    [258] A96-008 1125 VEH * [Shared]
9:19 AM    68    [257] A96-008 1125 WB 80 JEO TP - REQ BRDG [Shared]
9:18 AM    67    [256] FIRE IS W/THE PATIENT NOW [Shared]
9:17 AM    66    [253] 19-S1 FIRE OUT W/PT IN #1 // WHI COMPACT [Shared]
9:17 AM    65    [254] [Notification] [CHP]-FIRE ENRT TO WHI TOYT COA WB JEO TI -- SUBJ WAS ADV'D TO TURN HAZARDS ON IFO SPEED LIMIT SIGN - LEFT LANE [Shared]
9:17 AM    64    [252] 96-55T NO VIS OF ANYONE REQ'ING 1141/FIRE FRM W GRAND ONR TO WB 80 [Shared]
9:16 AM    63    [249] 19-R4 OAK FIRE ENRT TO PATIENT UNK 1020 [Shared]
9:14 AM    62    [246] [Notification] [CHP]-FYI, 14 CMS ACTIVATED, W-80, W-580, W-24 N-880, N-880 ONR TO WEST 80 AND N-880 [Shared]
9:13 AM    61    [245] APPROX 15 CARDS NOW GOING WW IN CD and RS [Shared]
9:13 AM    60    [243] TMC COPIES LN 234 [Shared]
9:13 AM    59    [241] BC 96 LN 239 [Shared]
9:12 AM    58    [240] 1039 DOTCC [Shared]
9:11 AM    57    [237] 96-S1 REQ CALTRANS RESP W/ ANY SIGN TRUCKS THEY HAVE AVAIL TO RESP TO ALL CLOSURE POINTS TO WB 80 : WB 80 JWO POWELL // WB 580 TRANS TO WB 80 // NB 880 TRAND TO WB 80 // W GRAND ONR TO WB 80 [Shared]
9:08 AM    56    [234] JEO MAIN CLOSURE [Shared]
9:06 AM    55    [230] 1039 OPD ADV'D LN 220 [Shared]
9:06 AM    54    [228] [Notification] [CHP]-SRT522 JUST REACHED A COUPLE PEDS AT 5TH ST ONR [Shared]
9:05 AM    53    [226] Secondary Location for A96-176: NB 880 TRANS TO WB 80, [Shared]
9:05 AM    52    [225] SRT UNIT ADV HAVING TEAM SWEEP JWO OF THEM TO MAKE SURE NO ONE IS ON THAT SIDE OF THE CLOSURE [Shared]
9:02 AM    51    [218] A96-055T REQ ADTL UNIT TO SHUT DOWN NB 880 TRANS TO WB 80 [Shared]
8:59 AM    50    [211] W/B TRAFFIC IS GOING W/W ON R/S AT THE TOLL PLAZA [Shared]
8:58 AM    49    [204] Secondary Location for A96-055T: W GRAND ONR TO WB 80, [Shared]
8:57 AM    48    [198] Secondary Location for A96-053: WB 580 TRANS TO WB 80, [Shared]
8:57 AM    47    [197] A96-055T W GRAND ONR TO WB 80 SHUT DOWN [Shared]
8:56 AM    46    [186] RP ADVD VEHS IN #1-2 LNS HAVE ALL TURNED AROUND AND WENT WWAY, AND NOW A BOX TK JUST TURNED AROUND [Shared]
8:56 AM    45    [185] 19-R2 ON EAST SIDE O BRIDGE [Shared]
8:55 AM    44    [182] WB JEO CHAIN / 1 W/ GUN [Shared]
8:55 AM    43    [179] FOR LINE 154, APPRX 1/4 MILE JWO METERING LIGHTS, ON THE INCLINE, NEAR SIGN THAT READS EMERGENCY LANE CLOSED [Shared]
8:53 AM    42    [174] RP ADVD VEHS IN EVERY LANES ARE TURNING AROUND, EXCEPT BIG RIGS AND DELIVERY TK'S [Shared]
8:53 AM    41    [170] GG-C201 REQ SIGALERT TO ADV WB 80 BAY BRIDGE IS CLOSED / UNK ETO [Shared]
8:52 AM    40    [165] GG-C201 SHUTTING DOWN ENTRANCE TO WB 80 BAY BRDG / TURNING AT POWELL [Shared]
8:52 AM    39    [163] SRT-L3 EB TRAFFIC STOPPED // ADV TO ACCESS WW FRM TI [Shared]
8:52 AM    38    [162] BC LN 160 96 [Shared]
8:51 AM    37    [160] 19-S1 ALL WW AROUND US // MRE GOING TO SHUT DOWN THE APPR TO BAY BRIDGE [Shared]
8:51 AM    36    [159] BC LN 154 96 - 8 CPYS [Shared]
8:50 AM    35    [154] [Notification] [CHP]-PER ANOTHER CALLER, VEHS ARE TURNING AROUND AND DRIVING THE WWAY IN ALL LANES, RP ADVD EVERYTHING IS SCRABBLED, MC'S AT HIGH SPEEDS SPLITTING LANES 100 MPH [Shared]
8:50 AM    34    [153] A32-081 POSS TO BLK VEHS / RADIO 10-1 [Shared]
8:46 AM    33    [148] 19-R3 WB JEO CHAIN / 100 PTYS GETTING UPSET IN VERBAL 415 [Shared]
8:44 AM    32    [144] [CHP] has closed their incident [231116GG00493]
8:42 AM    31    [138] BC 96 LN 136 [Shared]
8:41 AM    30    [136] WEST OF TOLL PLAZA W/B TRAFFIC IS USING THE CD TO GO WW, NO UNITS AT LOCATION [Shared]
8:37 AM    29    [134] 19-S1 SENDING TRAFFIC WW ??? RADIO 10-1 [Shared]
8:36 AM    28    [129] 19-S1 MEDIA 97 AT TP [Shared]
8:32 AM    27    [125] BC 96 LN 123 [Shared]
8:31 AM    26    [124] [CHP] has closed their incident [231116GG00420]
8:31 AM    25    [123] 19-S1 LOTS OF VEHS FACING WW // WILL TRY BLEED VEHS TO EB SIDE [Shared]
8:30 AM    24    [118] 19-S1 TRAFFIC ALL STOPPED // SEVERAL PTYS OO VEH [Shared]
8:29 AM    23    [115] UNK SRT / MEDIA UP ON BRIDGE [Shared]
8:28 AM    22    [113] 96-P5 WB ** IN THE WB LNS [Shared]
8:28 AM    21    [112] 96-P5 MULTIPLE PRTYS NOW RUNNING WB IN EB LNS [Shared]
8:25 AM    20    [107] BC 96 LN 105 [Shared]
8:23 AM    19    [105] PER ANOTHER PTYS WALKING UP ONTO BRDG BEFORE TP [Shared]
8:22 AM    18    [101] 32-C GETTING OUT OF VEH // ON APEC 93 CHANNEL [Shared]
8:16 AM    17    [98] 32-C START SF UNITS TO ASSIST SRT W/180 // AND REMOVING VEHS [Shared]
8:07 AM    16    [78] SRT-3C2 HAVE ALL CHP UNITS STAY TO THE LEFT SIDE // BREAK DOWN OR #2 KEEP RIGHT SIDE OPEN FOR EMERG VEHS [Shared]
8:05 AM    15    [75] 19-R2 VIS RUNNING BTWN VEHS [Shared]
8:04 AM    14    [70] [Notification] [CHP]-RP ADVD 2 CHP VEHS WB 80 JUST PASSED 4-6 XRAY PROTESTERS THAT ARE HIDING BEHIND VEHS, ALL WEARING YEL SAFETY VESTS [Shared]
7:56 AM    13    [60] 32-S7 6 VEHS BLKGS LNS [Shared]
7:54 AM    12    [57] 32-S7 APPROX 100 PROTESTORS BLKG LNS [Shared]
7:50 AM    11    [44] REQ CAL TRANS W/ TKS / CPYS BRIDGE ENRT [Shared]
7:49 AM    10    [43] BRIDGE CPYS ENRT [Shared]
7:48 AM    9    [39] 24-S10 SQ 7/8 EXT DUE TO TRAFFIC [Shared]
7:48 AM    8    [37] LL BRIDGE [Shared]
7:48 AM    7    [35] VEHS ACROSS LANES REQ 1185'S [Shared]
7:47 AM    6    [34] A32-081 ALL LNS BLKD AT 3RD TOWER [Shared]
7:46 AM    5    [26] 25-E2 PEACEFUL FOR NOW ALL LANES WB BLOCKED [Shared]
7:44 AM    4    [16] 1039 DOTCC, CMS ON [Shared]
7:42 AM    3    [4] PBY ADV ALL LNS ARE BLOCKED [Shared]
7:42 AM    2    [3] ALL LANES ARE BLOCKED [Shared]
7:42 AM    1    [1] RP ADVD 100'S OF PEOPLE JUST BLOCKED THE BAY BRIDGE

Did the ATF just make it illegal to sell/buy/possess airsoft smoke grenades (and flashbangs)? It looks like it. At this time, CO2 powered flashbangs still appear to be legal, but anything with pyrotechnics or that burns appears to become questionable.
 
Smoke grenades are often used in military simulation style airsoft (MILSIM) for gaming purposes to act as an obscurant. They are also used in gender reveal parties or for emergency signaling devices. These “cold burn” devices use a low-temperature (approx. 190°F) to burn chemicals that release colored smoke.
 
Standard Mk18 smoke grenades with a hotter and more dangerous pyrotechnic fuse have already had an iffy legal background and were never commonly available on the open retail market. Flashbang grenades in the airsoft realm are basically firecrackers in a cardboard tube that looks like a real distraction device, but with a much lower dB report that basically creates a loud bang instead of a disorienting pressure wave. Both airsoft smoke and flashbang devices are similar to smoke bombs and firecrackers except no lighter/match is require to ignite them.
 
The ATF quietly posted on its website under “Special Explosive Device Exemptions”: “In November 2023, ATF issued an open letter rescinding special explosive device exemptions for certain consumer-style grenades (e.g. flashbang grenades, smoke grenades).”
 
Digging around locates a letter dated November 2, 2023, that includes a table of previously popular exempted airsoft smoke grenades, including from the popular Enola Gaye brand. Basically, every airsoft smoke grenade has been put on the list. Technically, if you own one of these without a proper ATF license, you are now in violation of federal law. Or at least that’s how I read this.
 
The ATF cites non-specific incidents where certain explosive devices “(e.g., flashbang grenades, smoke grenades)” were used against law enforcement and claims that they have caused wildfires. “Based on these public safety concerns, ATF has determined that these explosive devices pose a risk to public safety and rescinded the SED exemptions.” In other words, because they’ve been used in uncited criminal acts and are dangerous, we can’t have them.
 
"As a result of these rescissions, these explosive devices are no longer exempt from the provisions of the Federal explosives regulations at 27 CFR Part 555. Accordingly, any person engaging in the business of importing, manufacturing, or distributing these devices must obtain the applicable Federal explosives license. In addition, any person acquiring the devices must first obtain a Federal explosives license or permit." [emphasis added]
 
The requirements to obtain a license/permit and store them within explosive regulation guidelines would make it effectively impossible for average citizens (airsofters) to own these devices. Those with these items in their possession may be unknowingly in violation of the law.
 
As of this writing (November 15, 2023), the author has been unable to find any statements from manufacturers or retailers. Some websites still show these popular products in stock and for sale, others out of stock. Be advised that purchasing these after-the-fact may result in the seller being forced to turn over purchaser information to the ATF. At this time, the author has no information regarding legal challenges or comments from ATF, manufacturers, or retailers.

Recently, I was asked what I would recommend for someone’s first guns. I immediately said a polymer framed, semi-automatic striker-fired pistol that is neither a full-size “service” pistol or a subcompact “pocket” pistol and an AR-15 style rifle, in that order.
 
Why? Purchasing a pistol first immediately takes care of the self-defense need, which is most pressing. Most self-defense shootings, end of the world or not, will take place at distances where a pistol is perfectly adequate. For novices, pistols can be less intimidating to shoot (perceived recoil issues) and easier to learn. They require less accessorizing and can be stored more easily than a long gun.
 
The AR-15 is the world’s standard of modern semi-automatic rifles. It works as a home defense weapon (better than a shotgun), can be your zombie-apocalypse/civil war gun, and is often used for hunting.

Note that the term “pistol” includes any handgun, including revolvers or semi-automatics.
Why not a full-size “service” pistol or a subcompact “pocket” pistol? Most people who expect to fight for their lives should have a larger pistol that has the capacity for a semi-sustained fight. A larger gun makes it easier to control and reduces felt recoil, which is important for a novice. The last thing a “newbie” should have is a small gun that hurts their hand.
 
That being said, the best gun is the one you will actually shoot and carry, so a smaller gun (a subcompact) like a Glock 43 or Ruger LCP is something you might have on a daily basis when a mugging occurs. Usually, a few shots are enough to end the encounter. So revolvers for daily carry aren’t a bad choice. Unfortunately, learning on these guns might be intimidating due to potentially greater recoil and less controllability because of their size. That’s why I suggest small guns be purchased after a new shooter is comfortable and competent.
 
The biggest issue new shooters seem to have is a gun they can’t manage. Either it’s a Desert Eagle that’s grossly overpowered or a too-small gun they don’t shoot because after five rounds of .357 Magnum their palm stings too much. For this reason, revolvers are poor choices for a first gun. They’re relatively heavy, have lower capacity, are less-intuitive to load quickly, and the triggers aren’t newbie-friendly.
 
Some recommend women and elderly shooters carry revolvers because there is no slide to cock. Well can the shooter manipulate the cylinder and do they have the hand strength to pull a 12lb double-action trigger, or can they reach the hammer to manually cock/de-cock it? There’s no safe hammer-drop lever on a revolver.
 
As for actions, a semi-automatic handgun should be striker fired. These have no external hammer and are cocked when the slide is cycled. They fire when you pull the trigger, so there is no preparation to fire necessary unless the gun comes with a manual thumb safety. Despite often not having external safety switches, these are safe guns that will not fire on their own unless you violate a safety rule. Most have a trigger safety device that will not allow the trigger to move, and thus release the firing pin, unless you deliberately pull the trigger. However, many models have thumb safety variants.
 
Older firearm designs, including revolvers and some semi-auto pistols, are hammer fired. Single action is when the hammer must be cocked before the trigger can fire the gun. Double action means that pulling the trigger also cocks the hammer before firing the gun. Pistols that can do both are often referred to as “DA/SA.” These guns will have a longer, heavier first pull and then subsequent trigger pulls are much lighter. For a novice, this requires learning two different trigger pulls to shoot accurately, which is an unnecessary complication today. So save these kinds of pistols for your second or third gun.
 
A medium-framed gun (a Glock 19 for example) is not too small to hurt to shoot and most shooters can get their hands around the grip easily. It is lighter than it’s full-size brother the G17 and thus is easier to carry and conceal. Larger, heavier guns may be something that women, the elderly, and new shooters struck with, so a medium (sometimes a “compact”) pistol is the best balance between the two. There is a reason the G19 size is so popular.
 
A polymer framed, semi-automatic striker-fired pistol is easier to load and fire than a metal framed gun. They’re also lighter too. A heavy gun that you don’t want to carry due to the weight won’t help you in a dangerous moment. The ideal gun is the gun that you will carry on a regular basis. Lighter and smaller isn’t always better because you may not be in a “belly gun” type fight at a few feet away. You may need greater capacity or the ability to take longer shots. Hence, I recommend staying away from “pocket pistols.”
 
What caliber do I get? 9mm Luger (aka Parabellum). This is an ideal compromise between lightweight, small size, and power. A .45 may give new shooters trouble and is large enough to seriously reduce pistol capacity while making the gun heavy and thick. .40 caliber is an acceptable second to 9mm, but it is outdated and recoil will be sharper. 10mm is quite powerful, where as .380 and anything smaller isn’t powerful enough to be a primary cartridge.
 
9mm bullets of modern hollow-point design are perfectly adequate for self-defense. In the past, there were concerns that round-nosed bullets wouldn’t stop an assailant, but that is mostly apocryphal. These days, any 9mm defensive cartridge off the shelf will work. Since accuracy (head or chest) is what matters in stopping a threat, even full metal jacket range ammo will work well enough. Again, 9mm is the best balance between efficacy on target, recoil, and weight.
 
Here are my specifications for first handgun: a polymer framed double stack pistol in 9mm. Note that “double stack” refers to a magazine (sometimes erroneously called a “clip”) where the cartridges (“bullets”) are in two staggered columns. This provides greater use of the available volume over a “single stack” where the cartridges are in a single row. Some new guns may use something in between but the key is that the standard magazine should not be less than 10 rounds.
 
Bare minimum specs are:

• Capacity: 10 rounds or greater
• Barrel length: 3-4.5”

 
Here are some examples of handguns in this category (not necessarily an endorsement):

• Glock 19
• Glock 48
• PSA Dagger
• Smith and Wesson M&P 4-inch
• Sig P365 Compact
• Springfield XD 4-inch
• Smith and Wesson M&P  3.6-inch
• Springfield XD 3”
• Sig P365-XMacro or XL
• Glock 26

 
This next category is a hybrid between compact and pocket pistols. These will be a little smaller than the guns above, making them less suitable for being a “sidearm” (hence you won’t see them in a cop’s holster). The smaller size and barrel length will make them less suitable for longer-ranged shots:

• Smith and Wesson Shield Plus
• Ruger Max 9
• Springfield Hellcat
• Sig P365 (original compact)
• Smith and Wesson Shield series

 
The standard (original) Smith and Wesson Shield series is an exception to the 10-round rule. These are physically larger pistols than some of the newest designs like the Sig P365, so capacity is less, but they may be easier for some shooters to grip. The Shield EZ series has been modified for those with weaker hand strength, such as women and the elderly, so that it is easier to cock and fire (using a grip safety). The Sig P365 can have its serialize trigger chassis swapped out at home for the XMacro or XL frames and slides for a larger gun.
 
For sighting systems, the first gun should have traditional “iron” sights, ideally self-illuminating Tritium night sights. Lasers should not be used for aiming, but a rail-mounted flashlight is not a bad addition (though you might want to become a competent shooter before adding one). Avoid “red dot” optic sights on your first handgun. Optics can be added later and most modern designs already have the ability to mount one.
 
Optic sights are great, but learning to shoot for the first time on them alone is a crutch that will cause harm. Learning traditional sights will allow you to use virtually all handguns. Learning basic handgun shooting only with a red dot is like learning to drive only automatic transmissions in the 1950s; there’s gonna be a lot of cars you simply can’t drive. The two sighting systems require different methods of presentation that do not translate over to one another.
 
A red dot is difficult to acquire because the small aperture provides a limited field of view which is exacerbated by the distance from the eye. Without extensive practice, the need for proper alignment every time (from the draw) will result in the shooter subtly moving the pistol around "hunting" for the red dot. Thus, practice drawing and obtaining a correct sight picture requires a lot of repetition for competency.
 
For carrying, purchase two holsters: one suitable for concealed carry and one suitable for open carry. For the latter, you’ll mainly use this one at the range or if the world ends when having a shirt in the way will be a hindrance. Any exposed holster needs positive retention, like a thumb release or a thumb strap. Concealed carry holsters need to be made of a solid, inflexible material that covers the trigger guard so nothing can inadvertently contact the trigger while holstering. Never carry a gun without a holsters (i.e. stuffed behind your belt).
 
Purchase a suitable supply of magazines. You will want to have an extra in a gunfight an a lot more if the world ends. Your gun will come with either two or three in the box, but I would suggest having a minimum six. This will allow spares if you drop one in a fight, it fails, or the world ends, plus you won’t have to stop shooting on the range as often to reload.

For a long gun, an AR-15 variant is the way to go. They are ergonomic, capable of rapid repeat shots, often more compact than most shotguns, light recoiling, can be budget friendly, and are deadly.
 
The AR-15 is the most common rifle in the US and one of the most produced firearms ever because it is lightweight, reliable, effective, and ergonomic. In fact, the innovations created by designer Eugene Stoner in his AR-10/15 and AR-16/18 series of rifles are what most western modern semi-automatic designs incorporate to form their most basic configuration. The is a reason so many modern rifles imitate Stoner’s designs.
 
Parts are prevalent and their manufacture is so prolific that they can be super cheap. Palmetto State Armory sells rifle packages that can go for about $500 and will completely equip someone with gun, scope, magazines, and ammo. The upper and lower receivers can be easily swapped out and parts accessorized to create more suitable weapons.
 
Capable out to 400 yards, their cartridge will incapacitate man and most deer-sized game. The 5.56mm/.223 bullet is actually less likely to over-penetrate indoors and hit an innocent victim. Recoil is light and the weapon controllable. The controls are easily manipulated with one hand for the most part and the fire selector falls right under the thumb. The ergonomics has been copied or derived from by nearly every modern design. The 5.56mm caliber is NATO standard and similarly sized cartridges have been adopted by China and Russia.
 
They are not unreliable. Reliability issues from Vietnam were due to the Army changing the powder specifications, for which the rifle was not tuned for, and a failure of soldiers to clean their M16s which were billed incorrectly as “self-cleaning.” ARs do not jam up more easily in dusty/muddy conditions than other weapons; in fact, their closed-up design and ejection port cover anecdotally makes them more reliable than other rifles.
 
For a first-time, I don’t recommend assembling your own AR. Buy a complete rifle, both upper and lower. Once you become familiar with it, you can customize it and “build” your own at home. Unless you are an experienced garage gunsmith, don’t take the chance the gun your life may depend on might have an odd failure. Use a factory weapon.
 
Ballistically speaking, for most applications a barrel length 10 inches or longer will be fine, but the AR-15 was designed to work best with a 20-inch barrel and 16 inches is the standard. Federal law (the National Firearms Act or NFA) requires rifle barrels to be 16 inches or more long, otherwise, they are short-barrel rifles that require a special background check and $200 tax. If you want to go this route, fine, but make sure you do this with a second rifle because the wait can be months to over a year for approval. 16 inches is a fine compromise.
 
To get around this, stock-less “pistols” or with ersatz “braces” (which are-but-aren’t legally stocks-it’s complicated) were sold. I recommend avoiding AR “pistols” even with braces due to ongoing litigation challenging an ATF regulation which may make certain configurations illegal. While there is nothing fundamentally wrong with these weapons, for a novice it would be best to steer clear of potentially committing a federal crime.
 
For ammo choice, opinions vary. Test whatever you intend to use for self-defense first to ensure it feeds and fires. M193 55gr 5.56mm is perfectly adequate for self-defense. M855 “green tip” 62gr 5.56 is preferred for some for its armor penetrating capabilities, but it is not a magic cartridge that will slice through armor. Heavier weights like 75gr and 77gr are preferred for self-defense applications. In any case, all of the above ammo will be sufficient to kill.
 
Be sure to buy 500-1000 rounds and half a dozen magazines; the more the better. Be sure to buy a red dot sight if your weapon doesn’t come with one; it make shooting a rifle so much easier than iron sights. Brands may vary, but expect to pay at least $199 for a quality unmagnified optic. Learn to shoot unmagnified before moving to magnified and also note the red dot pistol caveats above do not apply to rifles.

Shotguns are heavy, often cumbersome, slow to reload, and low-capacity. The recoil of defensive rounds (slugs and buckshot) is often too much for many shooters. The sound of a racking slide does not automatically scare off burglars. They are not point-and-shoot weapons that “you don’t even have to aim.” Do not take Joe Biden’s advice about shooting one up in the air.
 
While perfectly adequate inside the home, shotguns lack range outdoors, often being effective out to about 60 yards even with slugs. Now with proper sights, slugs, and a good shooter they can reach out to 100-150 yards under perfect conditions, they aren’t terrible, an AR is a better choice. ARs are just as maneuverable indoors as a shotgun but reload faster via a box magazine and have greater capacity.
 
Shotguns can be great, but they are just too much of a compromise in a world where we have better choices available.

Commercially available consumer-grade firework products can be used for contingency self-defense situations in a without rule-of-law (WROL) situation. Use in any of the roles discussed here are at the user’s own risk and are highly discouraged in favor of purpose-made products. Misuse of fireworks can cause death and major injuries and result in serious legal charges.
Employed in an anti-personnel role, fireworks will present a real danger of impact trauma, eye injury, and burns; no one wants to take a Roman candle to the face. While most of the catastrophic firework injuries appear to be from the ignition end, a similar, but lesser potential for such serious injuries to be sustained exist downrange.

Vehicles
Most fireworks will not cause significant damage to an unarmored automobile. The worst external damage that can likely be expected is a broken window from a high-velocity shell fired very close or detonating in, or effectively in, contact with the glass. A vehicle fire from an external impact is possible but less likely. It should be noted that a vehicle with the windows open stands a much higher chance of catching fire should a rocket, shell, or sparks get inside.

Fireworks can force a vehicle to “button up,” that is close all doors, windows, and hatches. This makes fighting more difficult from inside a vehicle, especially a consumer auto. Massed fireworks against a vehicle will also obscure visibility. Less disciplined drivers may take evasive action or panic. A firework inside the car will rapidly render it uninhabitable and there is serious risk of it becoming completely engulfed.

Types
In the evaluation of a firework for offensive/defensive use, ease of employment and effect on target are the main considerations.

Roman Candles
SHTF uses

• Suppressing fire
• Crowd dispersal
• Remote, medium distance incendiaries

Perhaps one of the greatest use of fireworks in a SHTF situation is suppressing fire from what are basically non-exploding rockets. Human nature is such that it is hard to charge into oncoming Roman candle fire, something even more true with unarmed and undisciplined individuals. Coupled with explosions from aerial shells or firecrackers and a chaotic situation may cause rioters or assailants to “break” and run.

A well-suited product is a “Gatling Gun” type multiple-launch device that is a cluster of approximately a dozen tubes that look like shoulder-fired rocket pod. Individual Roman candles or smaller bundles can be joined together to make DIY multiple-launchers. This is done by taping a bunch of roman candles together. Handles are added, often out of PVC pipe or wooden dowel extrusions.
Single launch Roman candles are preferable to bottle rockets. Traditional bottle rockets don’t fly very far or produce spectacular effects to be useful. They also tend to be shorter ranged and suffer from greater dispersion (inaccuracy) as other fireworks.

Reloadable mortars (aerial shells)

SHTF uses

• Signaling
• Harassment
• Crowd disruption

If one can pick the color of the shell, these can be used effectively for sending different signals like a signal flare. Any color firework can be used as a warning signal.

One major use is horizontal or “lobbed” firing into crowds or formations to disrupt them. Used against civilian mobs and military/law enforcement formations alike, these scenes were very common during the riots of 2020. The noise of the blast, the flash, and the effects (stars) occurring in the middle of a crowd can be incredibly startling. Involuntary effects include seeking cover, flinching/ducking, or even running away.

Aerial shells can produce sound levels of between 120 and 150 dB at close range; at the upper end, nearing that of what a flashbang will produce. Disorientation from overpressure outdoors is unlikely. The main effect is chaos induction where the crowd/formation is suddenly startled and therefore disrupted from continuing its behavior or mission, although this result may be short-lived.

Fountains and spinners
SHTF uses:

• Incendiary
• Visual impairment (in a confined environment)
• Chaos induction
• Area denial (positions/choke points)
  

Fountains are ground fireworks that produce a shower of sparks, which may or may not be colored, and can include additional flames and/or smoke. They may produce sounds like screeches or whistles but do not rise up in the air. These are the “safe and sane” type many are familiar with and legal for purchase in many states (municipal ordinances may vary). Spinners are similar to fountains but have horizontal sparking jets that propel the device in a circular pattern. Some make take flight.

Fountains will probably work better as incendiaries than a road flare (fuzee) if one is torching something although the flame/sparks will probably be less intense and easier to extinguish. A spinner is more intimidating and difficult to grab than a freshly-lit road flare as the unburnt portion of the flare makes a good handle for throwing.

A screeching fountain tossed into a bandit’s vehicle would rapidly fill the vehicle with sparks, smoke, and probably flame as well as making a deafening noise that the cabin would amplify. Fountains might be used to close a specific point, like a small gap, but they aren’t especially dangerous so a daring person might just go through/around them with little risk of serious burns.

Cakes/repeaters
SHTF uses

• Fougasse
• Area denial
• Remote harassment/signaling
• Remote distraction device
• Automated crowd disruption

“Cakes” represent an assembly of tubes combined together in a single container, designed to initiate a sequential series of aerial shots. They are convenient in that they require a singular ignition to yield multiple continuous shots. Multiple cake packages can be combined using green cannon fuse and securing the containers with either tape or zip ties. A cake could be used to disrupt a crowd, although firing “automatically” similar to the role of aerial shells and even cakes in some roles.

Mines
SHTF uses

• Fougasse
• Area denial (suppression)
• Booby trap

Mines shoots stars out of the launcher, like a cross between a fountain and an aerial break, but at ground level. While they have the visual impression of a break, the effects emanate directly from the tube, rather than from a bursting shell. This creates a lower altitude display than aerial shells, but with a broader and higher pattern than a fountain.

One potential SHTF use could be to lay a mine cake horizontal and use it like a fougasse. A fougasse is an explosive placed into the ground, ideally a slope, intended to detonate laterally to spray the enemy with shrapnel. During the 1850s Crimean War, the Russian army laid these like landmines complete with fuses that detonated when stepped on. Fougasses are used both as traps and to cover areas that are not actively defended.

While a proper military fougasse is intended to kill, a firework will not be lethal, but fireworks can be used to blunt an attack/advance through a given area or create a “dead zone.” Firework fougasses could be laid in choke points with trip wires, used to deny or discourage the use of cover, and used to cover the retreat of a defender.

Firecrackers

Potential SHTF uses

• Distraction devices
• Harassment
• Gunfire or explosive simulator

Firecrackers may have the most practical use of all fireworks to the citizen defender. A chain of firecrackers could be used to simulate a fire-fight as a distraction or diversion, especially if out of sight of the enemy who may only distantly hear the sound. Larger types can be used like flashbangs.

Note that M-80s and cherry bombs, technically known as “salutes,” are illegal and banned. They are not sold commercially and generally illegal to manufacture as explosives under federal law as they exceed the amount of powder permitted for consumer fireworks. Only 50mg of flash powder is permitted for legitimate safety reasons.

M-80s were originally intended to simulate artillery fire and contained five grams of flash powder, or 80 grains. Military-grade flashbangs have approximately 5 grams of powder by comparison. Firecrackers may be employed as a distraction device, an ersatz flashbang. Airsoft and consumer-grade devices cannot produce the physiological disorienting effects that a true flashbang or illegal firecracker will. Consumer firecrackers and airsoft devices should startle someone and they may confuse it for an actual explosive.

Roles

Suppression
Ideally suppressing fire is lethal so it disables the enemy from ever attempting to harm you again. When it comes to suppressing fire; no one wants to take a firework to the face. Low latency is preferable for defensive/suppressive use. A high rate of fire, i.e. the firework is firing constantly with no more than a 1-2 second delay, seems to be ideal. The goal is to have a fairly tight column of fire impacting the area to be suppressed. This can be a vehicle, a fighting position, or a small cluster of people.

Psychological harassment
In siege situation, the sound of screeching rockets and booms can be particularly mentally taxing. There is a known psychological effect of whistles; for example, like incoming artillery or the Jericho trumpet on a Stuka. Salutes and whistle rockets that scream before detonation would be ideal for this purpose. The actual danger for fireworks alone is more psychological than physical and can be a good way to wear someone down.

Area denial
In Rhodesia, it was not uncommon for farmers to place Dynamite or other explosive charges in positions that seemingly would have made ideal cover or concealment for terrorists. When an assailant took up that position, the charge would either be command detonated or the terrorist would trigger a boobytrap. While a firework is not likely lethal, the attacker would have to immediately evacuate the position, potentially exposing himself. The position is then unusable while the firework is discharging and the effects alert any defenders to the location of the attacker.

Signaling and warning
Fireworks were used in military contexts primarily for signaling especially at night. Different types, such as rockets and flares, were employed to convey messages. Colored rockets can indicate different signals, such as colored flares can. Setting fireworks with remote ignitors can be used in traps to warn of an enemy approach. For example, imagine a gate on the perimeter of a ranch that when opened lights off a screeching fountain. The defenders are alerted to not only the intrusion, but the location (visual effects) and the enemy knows the element of surprise is lost.

Problems
Noise and excessive sparking before launching are a liability that may give away the launcher or launch point. Firework launch signatures are almost always smokey and involve flame/sparks. This will give away your position if not behind a visual obstruction. Fireworks must be deployed along with legitimate covering/suppressing fire or overwatch.

Almost all fireworks require a flame-lit fuse which will require the user to have lights or matches. Open flames present a fire hazard and any source of flame in dark conditions may invite gunfire. It is possible to make friction ignition pull devices using cardboard, tape, and ordinary matches. Electric ignitors do exist and are available, although for non-ATF licensed individuals they require a bit of DIY’ing.

The average person who gets a Baofeng radio will have no idea how to tune in when they turn it on and see an input like 445.000 staring back at them. Pushing the buttons to blindly tune the frequencies up or down doesn’t work like a CB radio, car stereo, or marine radio. You can’t just pick a frequency at random and start using it. First, there will probably be no one to talk to. Second, you could be transmitting on a frequency or in a mode that is prohibited.

My pre-ham radio experience was with VHF law enforcement radios; my agency has 16 channels programmed in on the main ‘A’ bank. For public safety/business use, the FCC assigns frequencies. Not in the ham world. Ham radio does not have defined voice channels like Marine radio, CB, or GMRS/FRS. The concept of saying “Go to channel __” doesn’t exist.

What exists on the ham bands are portions of the frequency spectrum that is generally understood to be used for simplex (radio-to-radio) voice communication. Imagine it as a freeway without any marked lanes. To better navigate that lane-less freeway, radio users have decided to separate portions of each band and dedicate them to specific uses.

Simplex, or radio-to-radio voice, is just a small part of that. In order for the various uses of the ham bands to all get along, local radio coordinators outline what ranges and frequencies should be used for what. These coordinators are unofficial bodies and the plans aren’t legally mandatory, but they are mostly obeyed to avoid chaos, the same way people obey traffic signals when a cop isn’t around.

You can create “lanes” for your own channel plan as long as you play by the rules that everyone else does. This is really no more than agreeing on specific frequencies to use and giving them a name or alpha-numeric designation. Having a channel name or number is for brevity and communication security. “Go to five,” is shorter and more secure than saying “Go to 158.730.” So, within your own group/family, you can know that “VHF channel 1” means 146.415 MHz. Again, this is an in-group thing because there are no public ham channel allocations.
 
How to get startedMy semi-facetious suggestion is become friends with a likeminded, experienced ham and let him provide you with his pre-existing plan. I kid, but there are hams in your community that have already done this and will have saved you a bunch of trouble. Connections can and do pay off. But for the rest of you…
Start by finding the basic band plan[1] for the band you plan to use; in our case it will be 70cm or 420-450 MHz UHF. Note that 420-450 MHz is the basic frequency range for that band; it will be divided up into different groups for various uses, such as Morse code (CW), television, etc. Be sure to review the band plan for frequencies that are reserved for specific uses, such as digital packet transmission only, often noted “no voice.”

Note the bandwidth spacing for each band. For 70cm, this is 25 kHz while in some parts of California it is 20 kHz. For 2m VHF, this is 15-20 kHz. Think of spacing as a separation lane to keep the radio traffic from bleeding into each other. Too narrow of spacing and the radio signals start interfering with each other.
 
Using the no-lane freeway above, technically speaking is the bandwidth separation. As long as the traffic is within the limits of the range and far enough apart from each other, who talks on what frequency is unregulated. You can simply plug in a frequency in the right range, check that the bandwidth is set properly (the radio should do this automatically), and start talking. Shy of SHTF or an emergency this can be a nuisance.

Practically speaking, you need to mind the upper and lower end of the frequencies for both the FCC-defined band and the range for simplex voice. Orderly ham radio depends on everyone coloring (or parking or driving, whatever analogy you prefer) within the lines. One can’t reasonably just start yakking away on any frequency for this reason.

This problem with choosing a frequency at random is you may be talking slightly off a locally defined channel and interfering with that traffic. That’s a quick way to make other hams unhappy, sort of like making the other guy pull off a one-way road so you don’t have to get your car’s passenger side all muddy by driving on the shoulder. What needs to be done is see if there are any local channel plans for the band you intend to use.

Locate your state or regional band plan. These are gentlemen’s agreements by local ham organizations to allocate the different frequency ranges for various purposes to better regulate and coordinate traffic. Many organizations do not coordinate simplex frequencies. In this case, generic spacing and allocations can be used. You will need to Google “[state or region] ham radio band plan” to find this information. Alternatively, you can ask a local ham club.

In the 70cm UHF band, you will want to check your local band plan (down to the county, if there is such an organization) and the repeaters carefully before deciding on using a certain frequency. For example, you may want to start at 445.000 and go up to 446.975 at 25 kHz channel spacing intervals. At each interval you would check that the band plan doesn't reserve the frequency for something like high-speed packet transmission or that it's assigned to a repeater.

Note that you don't want to break the pattern of intervals because your signal will bleed over to other frequencies and cause interference with other traffic. That's rude, like parking in two spaces. It's going to make people mad and if you have a problem that comes to the FCC's attention you will be the at-fault party. So once more, random frequency selection is suboptimal.

Check your local repeaters to ensure that you are not talking on a repeater input/output frequency. Repeaterbook.com is the most popular resource for repeater information. This becomes more of a concern in 70cm UHF because the simplex (voice) range is shared with repeaters. For instance, in Missouri 445.900–445.975 is shared between simplex and packet traffic; at 25 kHz spacing that leaves four voice UHF channels that can be used. Don’t forget to actually listen to the frequency for a while to determine what kind of traffic is used on it.

Finally, remember that the airwaves are all shared and open to the public. There is no privacy or reserving of frequencies. All FCC regulations will apply. Your channels are nothing more than a memory device for certain frequencies and will be specific to your group only. Any outsiders you are communicating with will need to be given the actual frequency to tune to, not your channel number/name.

• Check the basic band plan for the frequency range of the particular band (2m, 1.25m, 70cm) you want to use for the limits of the band and simplex voice operations.
• Check your state/regional/county band plan for local allocations for simplex voice. Some localities may have VHF/UHF voice frequencies listed; others may have a range.
• For 70cm UHF in particular, check local repeater listings to ensure the frequency is not used by a repeater.
• Listen to the actual channel for traffic before deciding to use it.
• Remember that this is a local, personalized list and it will vary outside your area. If you travel or will be going to a distant bug-out location, you will need to make a new list for that area.
• Use programming software like CHIRP to manage your plan and program radios. 

Repeaters
You may want to put repeaters in your channel plan. For instance, my group notes these with an R (Romeo) for repeater, as “31R.” Again, the repeaters are public but saying 31R is easier and more discreet than saying “McClellan Peak UHF” or “W7RHC.” Some notes about programming repeaters in:
For repeaters, the input (receiving) frequency is published. This is the frequency that your radio will talk to the repeater on. You will need to program in an offset so the radio knows what frequency to listen for the output signal (that the repeater is re-transmitting the traffic on). Note the offset for your band; this varies. 70cm uses a 5 MHz + or – above or below the repeater input frequency. 2m VHF is 600 kHz or .6 MHz.
Most radios will automatically set the offset frequency once you note + or – in the software so you don’t need to manually enter the offset frequency. Most repeaters will use a PL tone to activate the repeater. The offset and PL tone will vary on each repeater.
 
Common simplex voice frequencies 
2 Meters (144-148 MHz)
146.400-146.580         simplex
146.520           National simplex calling Frequency
147.420-147.570         simplex
 
70cm (420-450 MHz)
445.000-447.000 simplex (shared with repeaters and other services)
446.000           National simplex calling Frequency
 
Example 2m simplex channels (SoCal)
144.310-144.375 (15-20 kHz apart)
144.405-144.490 (15-20 kHz apart)
145.510, 145.645, 145.525, 145.660, 145.540, 146.445, 145.555, 146.520 (calling freq.)
145.570, 146.535, 145.585, 146.550, 145.600, 146.580,145.615, 146.595, 145.630
147.510
https://www.tasma.org/TASMA-2m-Band-Plan.pdf
Note that the 70cm UHF equivalent of above is extremely uncommon.

[1] https://www.arrl.org/band-plan

Sample band plan
This simple band plan is taken from Los Angeles area information. It includes a Channel of the Day (COD) so each group member knows where to go each day to listen and make contact if necessary. While a real plan would have the frequency order switched up, changing the “main” frequency each day will inhibit any easy monitoring by bad guys. Note that the days must rotate because there are not enough frequencies for a 31-day month.

Channels of the Day will need to repeat, and more often on bands with lesser available simplex frequencies, especially on UHF. Repeaters that are intended to be used are included as well. This method will work for 2m/1.25m/70cm and GMRS/FRS. A similar plan can be made up for CB with the ordinary channel numbers switched up.

The duress channel is an unused frequency that can be switched to if your transmissions are being monitored by bad guys. The code word can be spoke and everyone will know to switch without further prompting. Credit to [redacted] for coming up with my group’s plan, from which I modeled this example chart (because the public isn’t seeing our actual one).

Note: this is an excerpt from my book Basic SHTF Radio: A cop's brief guide for understanding simple solutions for SHTF radio communication, available on Amazon. Also consider NC Scout's "The Guerilla's Guide to the Baofeng Radio" (which I consider to be "Intermediate SHTF Radio."

Federal law defines sub-250 gram unmanned aircraft as “micro” drones. These Group 1 micro-UAVs do not require registration in the US or most countries. They range from toys, to hobbyists’ racing drones, to a novice cinematographer’s flying camera. Top-of-the-line micro-UAVs could make a helpful adjunct to a mobile unit. For small units, these make ideal “periscopes” to see over terrain or scout areas remotely.

While a larger, high endurance and longer-range drone is of course better, they are much larger packages. Sub-250 gram UAVs are smaller, lighter, and faster to deploy than larger models. A very small drone can be easily carried along and used to augment the patrol where a larger drone providing overwatch is not available or to clear or recon areas in lieu of sending in a man. Heavier drones being man-packed will slow a patrol down, will take longer to launch and recover, and will hinder mobility if attacked.

Now why sub-250 gram drones exactly, you may be wondering? Surely heavier ones are better, especially if I’m not planning on man-packing the thing into combat. Let me quote the FCC:

• “All drones must be registered, except those that weigh 0.55 pounds or less (less than 250 grams).”
• “Beginning September 16, 2023, all drones requiring registration must operate in accordance with the Remote ID rule.”

Remote ID (RID) is a radio transponder system that openly broadcasts over Wi-Fi bands a drone’s location, altitude, and speed, as well as the location of the pilot. If using a COTS drone in a defensive or combat application, RID is a liability because it broadcasts real time location data that could be used to pinpoint the aircraft and the pilot.

• No remote pilot certification or tests required
• Less stringent operating rules and simplified regulations. Legally speaking, they can be flown over people and structures that are not directly involved in the flight vs. larger drones that can't do this (legally). The government's reasoning is because of their lightweight they are less likely to brain someone should they fall out of the sky.
• Did I say no FAA registration? Save yourself $5!
• Easier travel: Micro drones are compact and lightweight, making them easier to carry during travel. They are also less likely to attract attention due to their small size.

 
What still applies?

• You need permission in controlled airspace (such as near airports)
• You're still restricted by TFRs (fly one near Biden and they'll know)
• Maintain visual contact with the drone (you will probably overrun the transmitter range before then)

 
Realistically, unless your drone crashes and injuries someone or the police show up, flying over structures or people with respectable clearance isn't going to cause problems. While you must stay below 400 feet Above Ground Level (AGL), unless you're near and airport or hit a plane isn't not like anyone is really going to know.
 
As far as drone detectors, these will be present near major airports, military bases, and special events, like Joe Biden’s vacation or a major sporting event. While sub-250 gram drones aren’t broadcasting RID, their unique signals in the Wi-Fi (2.4/5 GHz) band are discoverable by specialized and sensitive detectors. If you fly a drone in a remote part of National Park or something, odds no one will ever know.

Here are the top four sub-250 gram drones, all available between $750 and $140 (depending on the price when you buy).

DJI Mini 3 Pro
Best performance, second best camera, but has all the DJI nerfing and China drawbacks.
Autel Evo Nano Plus
Like the DJI Mini series but with slightly decreased performance but none of the DJI Chinese baggage.
DJI Mini SE
Cheapest DJI model.
Holy Stone HS710
Cheapest, quality model. Perfect for beginners or “stacking” multiples of.
 
DJI Mini 3 Pro
DJI is the biggest name in drones, but it comes with a caveat that it has been “nerfed” and is probably a Chinese spy device. Overall, it has the second Best camera and the best performance. Negatives are it is Chinese and omes with geo-fencing problems native to all DJIs, which isn’t why you buy sub-250 gram drones. It’s also relatively expensive than other drones in its class.

• Max flight endurance: 34 minutes
• Max hovering endurance: 30 minutes
• Camera resolution: photo 48 MP 8000 X 6000; video 4k Ultra HD: 3840 x 2160  60 fps
• Battery charging time: 1 hour

 
Autel EVO Nano Plus
This has the best camera, up to 8K resolution. It also does not have the baggage that DJI does. At the price point, it is the most comparable to the DJI Mini with similar endurance.

• Max flight endurance: 28 minutes
• Max hovering endurance: 26 minutes
• Camera resolution: photo 50MP 8192×6144; video 4K Ultra HD 3840×2160 60 fps
• Battery charging time: 90 minutes.

 
DJI Mini SE
This is the cheapest drone so far produced by DJI. However, it only has a "2k" camera so it lacking the advanced camera features or higher quality resolution might be problematic if you want coo video. It also has the negatives of DJI geofencing and probably feeding data back to China.

• Max flight endurance: 30 minutes
• Max hovering endurance: 30 minutes
• Camera resolution: photo 4000 X 3000; video 2.7k: 2720 X 1530 @30 fps
• Battery charging time: 1 Hour
  

Holy Stone HS710
This is the cheapest non-toy option (I got it for $139 at the time) that is ideal for beginners and nearly disposable use. Consider these the Baofeng radios of the micro-UAV level. They are small, light, and can be easily carried by an individual. It has a 4K camera and more advanced camera/flight features that the cheaper DJI options don't have like altitude hold and “follow me” (if you’re into cinematographic video).

• Max Flight Time: 30 minutes
• Max Hovering Time: 30 minutes
• Photo Resolution: 4000 X 3000
• Video Resolution: 2.7K: 2720 X 1530 @30 fps
• Battery Charging Time: 1 Hour

In the world of radio enthusiasts and scanner aficionados, the Uniden Home Patrol 2 stands out as offering unmatched convenience and functionality. With its user-friendly design and powerful trunking capabilities, this scanner is a game-changer for those who want to dive into the world of scanning without the need for a master's degree in radio programming. In this blog post, we'll explore why the Uniden Home Patrol 2 is the ultimate choice for anyone seeking effortless trunking capabilities.

Trunking Demystified
Before delving into the features of the Home Patrol 2, let's briefly understand what trunking actually is. Trunking is a method used by various radio communication systems to optimize frequency utilization. Traditional scanners can struggle to follow these complex systems, often requiring intricate programming knowledge. This is where the Home Patrol 2 steps in, eliminating the need for in-depth technical expertise. Note that your $70 Radio Shack analog scanner CANNOT receive trunked radio systems.

User-Friendly Interface
The Uniden Home Patrol 2 prides itself on its intuitive user interface. It's designed with the average person in mind, making it easy for beginners to get started without feeling overwhelmed. The touch screen display guides users through the setup process and scanning options, ensuring a smooth experience even for those with limited technical know-how.

Simple Set-Up
Gone are the days of spending hours deciphering manuals and trying to configure intricate scanner settings. The Home Patrol 2 boasts a hassle-free setup process. Users can simply enter their location and let the scanner do the rest. The device automatically identifies and loads the frequencies for nearby agencies, making the entire process a breeze.

Database Integration
One of the standout features of the Home Patrol 2 is its extensive database integration. Regular updates ensure that the scanner has the most up-to-date frequency information for various agencies, including police, fire, EMS, and more. This means you'll always be in the know about what's happening in your area.

Dynamic Memory Allocation
The scanner's dynamic memory allocation is another factor that sets it apart. It automatically allocates memory to active channels, optimizing your scanner's performance and ensuring you never miss a crucial communication.

GPS Support
With built-in GPS support, the Home Patrol 2 takes convenience to another level. As you move around, the scanner automatically adjusts its settings to provide you with relevant local channels. This is particularly beneficial for road trips and travel, as you'll always have access to the most pertinent information.

Trunking Made Easy
As our tagline suggests, the Home Patrol 2 is the perfect choice for individuals who want trunking capabilities without the complexities of radio programming. It handles trunking systems seamlessly, allowing you to monitor conversations across different frequencies and agencies without the need for manual intervention.

The Uniden Home Patrol 2 is a game-changer in the world of scanners, especially for those who crave the convenience of trunking capabilities without the steep learning curve. Its user-friendly interface, simple setup, extensive database integration, dynamic memory allocation, GPS support, and effortless trunking handling make it the best scanner for both beginners and experienced users.

If you want a scanner without the need for a master's in radio programming, the Uniden Home Patrol 2 is your best option.

The following is an excerpt from my non-fiction book Suburban Defense. These are critical event categories which examine and catalog the progression of civil disorder. While they focus on violence, the loss of law and order, and the response to it, variations of this chapter can be used for different levels of disasters.

Characteristics

• These incidents occur in residential neighborhoods, either targeted or as a spontaneous spillover from another location. This may be a reaction to police dispersal from another area.
• Mob participants are mostly protesters there to demonstrate verbally and with signs.
  
• Front and unfenced yards are trespassed on, but no entry is made to homes.
• Homes are targeted for repeated doorbell ringing, banging on doors and windows, or surrounded for verbal intimidation.
• Destruction is limited generally to minor vandalism and trampling of landscaping. Broken windows may happen in some incidents, but not as an attempt to enter the home.
• Police are monitoring or following the crowd, but not intervening to disperse the crowd or make arrests.
• The incident usually ends when the mob finishes moving through the area or it self-disperses within a few hours at most.
• Traffic is usually blocked from leaving the area by the size of the crowd or by active intervention from participants.
  

Characteristics

• The unrest during these incidents are geographically isolated, even though the troublesome areas may be widespread or occurring sympathetically in cities across the state/nation.
• Areas in the closest proximity to riots are at highest risk, usually economically disadvantaged areas with high minority populations (the ghetto).
• Suburban areas and adjoining communities far from the unrest are usually unaffected.
• These events usually start in response to a specific event, but the catalyst that starts the riots is incidental to the follow-on effects of lawlessness.
• Violence can be specifically targeted against political opponents, other races, upper classes, etc.
• As violence spirals out of control, the atmosphere is used as a license to burn, loot, rob, beat, destroy, and so on, with little relation to the initiating event.
• Police are often powerless to control the riots or protect the public; sometimes this is because of political decisions at the city/state level.
• The riots continue for several days until law enforcement and the National Guard are able to get a handle on the situation (weather changes have also been a cause for riots to fizzle out).
• The rule of law is still in effect, even if it isn’t being enforced to stop the riots. If you break the law, especially if it is an egregious overreaction or politically unpopular, expect to be prosecuted. Conduct yourself to the legal standards as you would every single day of normal life.
  

Characteristics

• These events are usually in combination with a natural disaster. They could be the beginning stages of a total collapse type situation depending on what is happening nationally.
• The area of the event is widespread across a major metropolitan area, a region, multiple states, or even the entire nation.
• There is usually a failure of the supply chain (stores are closed/empty) and utilities may be interrupted.
• Duration of the event is from several weeks to months. Law-and-order, utilities, and municipal governance are eventually restored. Life returns to normal.
• For all practical purposes, law enforcement is totally absent. Police cannot be relied upon for proactive protection (deterrence) or emergency response.
  • Citizens must protect themselves from attack and theft as well as serve as their own deterrent to crime.
  • Police will not be able to accept citizen’s arrests.
  • Any law enforcement activity is likely to be a sporadic, unhelpful appearance where the officers are unable to do anything.
  • Law enforcement may be actively hostile against armed/proactive citizens.
  • Criminals will take advantage of absent policing to engage in overt criminal activity. Expect greater threats, more aggressive criminals, and persons who wouldn’t ordinarily break the law to commit crimes.
• The personal safety threat shifts from large, rioting mobs or hyper-specific incidents against individuals or their homes/businesses to pervasive and random attacks, usually of opportunity or on soft targets.
• Burglaries, home invasions, robberies, carjacking, looting, theft, and assaults occur at a higher rate than before and outside of traditionally “bad” neighborhoods.
• Your defensive posture will shift from manning a barricade and fronting off a mob (short duration) to patrolling and being alert for surreptitious or aggressive burglaries, home invasions, etc.
• Persons from all walks of life and responsibilities behave abnormally; from failure of those in positions of responsibility to take charge to your fellow citizens behaving irrationally.
• You may feel tempted yourself to behave in extreme ways, such as shooting a non-violent looter, but such action is not appropriate nor justified.
• It seems like civilization has stepped out of the room for a moment.

Characteristics

• The situation is marked by total disorganization and disintegration of the normal social order caused by disaster or war.
• For all intents and purposes, civilized society is non-existent.
• Ordinary commercial, private, and government services are out of business. Often utilities, transportation, and communications have been interrupted.
• Day-to-day life is a survival situation where the final outcome has a high probability of death.
• The situation is regional, with very limited chances of escape, or even statewide or national.
• Local intervention is not possible; i.e. the National Guard isn’t coming to save you. In fact, no one is coming to save you. If you are very lucky, in the late stages aid organizations like the Red Cross may come in, but then it will be too late for many people.
• Morality will go out the window for many people and horrific things will be done, such as cannibalism. Killing will be among the first answers to interpersonal difficulties and criminality. Predators will exploit the situation for their gain or to satisfy their perversions.
• Obtaining food, water, and medical care will be impossible, very expensive, or extremely difficult.
• Power will be exercised by force and not necessarily by police, the military, or good guys. Citizens pledge support to whoever can take over and provide safety, supplies, or just won’t hurt them.

Read the book for more information in each category along with defensive postures, checklists, and tactics.

Now just imagine Chinese sleeper cells in the United States (CONUS) deploy hundreds of these against US Air Force bases. A few pounds of high explosive in the right place employed against a bomber, a C-17 transport, or a KC-135 refueler would destroy the aircraft. Swarms of semi-autonomous drones launched in a surprise attack could devastate the US military's ability to respond to a trans-Pacific war in a matter of hours.

Poor Man's Air Force

While this isn't anything new—the cartels and ISIS have been doing this for about five or six years now—the usage does seem to be increasing.

It is only a matter of time before this becomes a normal part of low-intensity conflicts and terrorism. We WILL see drones used as the insurgent's and terrorist's missile and smart bomb. We WILL see partisans in civil conflicts using drones in lieu of mortars and artillery. We WILL see gang assassinations using drones.

Frankly, it's surprising how a terrorist group or lone wolf hasn't employed these against local infrastructure or larger targets. A few of these could easily start a massive oil refinery fire, wreak havoc at a nuclear power plant, or destroy sensitive military aircraft. If we go to war with China, expect to see smart munitions and small drones (sUAS) used in this manner in CONUS for a total war strategy.

Learn more, including practical defense tips in my book Poor Man's Air Force.